P450-BM3 variants with improved activity

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides improved P450-BM3 variants with improved activity. In some embodiments, the P450-BM3 variants exhibit improved activity over a wide range of substrates.

The present application is a Divisional of co-pending U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/890,408, filed Jun. 2, 2020, which is aDivisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/562,673, filed Sep. 6,2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,704,030, which is a Divisional of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/152,709, filed Oct. 5, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No.10,450,550, which is a Divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/591,816, filed May 10, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,113,153, which is aDivisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/171,116, filed Jun. 2,2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,683,220, which claims priority to U.S. Prov.Pat. Appln. Ser. No. 62/189,281, filed Jul. 7, 2015, both of which arehereby incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides improved P450-BM3 variants with improvedactivity. In some embodiments, the P450-BM3 variants exhibit improvedactivity over a wide range of substrates.

REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING, TABLE OR COMPUTER PROGRAM

The official copy of the Sequence Listing is submitted concurrently withthe specification as an ASCII formatted text file via EFS-Web, with afile name of “CX2-150USP1_ST25.txt”, a creation date of Jul. 7, 2015,and a size of 99.6 kilobytes. The Sequence Listing filed via EFS-Web ispart of the specification and is incorporated in its entirety byreference herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The cytochrome P450 monooxgenases (“P450s”) comprise a large group ofwidely-distributed heme enzymes that are ubiquitous in the naturalworld. Cytochrome P450-BM3 (“P450-BM3”), obtained from Bacillusmegaterium catalyzes the NADPH-dependent hydroxylation of long-chainfatty acids, alcohols, and amides, as well as the epoxidation ofunsaturated fatty acids (See e.g., Narhi and Fulco, J. Biol. Chem.,261:7160-7169 [1986]; and Capdevila et al., J. Biol. Chem.,271:2263-22671 [1996]). P450-BM3 is unique, in that the reductase (65kDa) and monooxygenase (55 kDa) domains of the enzyme are fused andproduced as a catalytically self-sufficient 120 kDa enzyme. Althoughthese enzymes have been the subject of numerous studies, there remains aneed in the art for improved P450s that exhibit high levels of enzymaticactivity over a wide range of substrates.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides improved P450-BM3 variants with improvedactivity. In some embodiments, the P450-BM3 variants exhibit improvedactivity over a wide range of substrates. A recombinant cytochromeP450-BM3 variant having at least 90% sequence identity to a polypeptidesequence comprising the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10,12, 14, or 16. In some embodiments, the recombinant cytochrome P450-BM3variants of the present invention oxidize at least three organicsubstrates. In some further embodiments, the recombinant cytochromeP450-BM3 variants oxidize at least one organic substrate selected fromloratadine, imatinib, geftinib, and diclofenac.

The present invention further provides isolated recombinantpolynucleotide sequences encoding the recombinant cytochrome P450-BM3polypeptide variants provided herein. In some embodiments, the isolatedrecombinant polynucleotide sequence comprises SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, 7, 9,11, 13, or 15.

The present invention also provides expression vectors comprising atleast one polynucleotide sequence provided herein. In some additionalembodiments, the vector comprises at least one polynucleotide sequencethat is operably linked with at least one regulatory sequence suitablefor expression of the polynucleotide sequence in a suitable host cell.In some embodiments, the host cell is a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell.In some additional embodiments, the host cell is a prokaryotic cell. Insome further embodiments, the host cell is E. coli. The presentinvention also provides host cells comprising the vectors providedherein.

The present invention also provides methods for producing at least onerecombinant cytochrome P450-BM3 variant comprising culturing the hostcell provided herein under conditions such that at least one of therecombinant cytochrome P450-BM3 variants provided herein is produced bythe host cell. In some additional embodiments, the methods furthercomprise the step of recovering at least one recombinant cytochrome P450variant.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 provides the structures of the substrates used in the screeningmethods described herein. Diclofenac was used for HTP screening todetect/rank beneficial diversity. The remaining substrates were used tovalidate that the evolved BM3 variants were active on substrates thatwere not used for HTP screening.

FIG. 2 provides a graphical summary of the results obtained for theMCYP-1.2-A12 lineage.

FIG. 3 provides a graphical summary of the results obtained for theMCYP-1.2.-A05 lineage.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides improved P450-BM3 variants with improvedactivity. In some embodiments, the P450-BM3 variants exhibit improvedactivity over a wide range of substrates. P450-BM3 enzymes exhibit thehighest rate of catalysis amongst P450 monooxygenases due to theefficient electron transfer between the fused reductase and heme domains(See e.g., Noble et al., Biochem. J., 339:371-379 [1999]; and Munro etal., Eur. J. Biochem., 239:403-409 [2009]). Thus, P450-BM3 is a highlydesirable enzyme for the manipulation of biotechnological processes (Seee.g., Sawayama et al., Chem., 15:11723-11729 [2009]; Otey et al.,Biotechnol. Bioeng., 93:494-499 [2006]; Damsten et al., Biol. Interact.,171:96-107 [2008]; and Di Nardo and Gilardi, Int. J. Mol. Sci.,13:15901-15924). However, there still remains a need in the art for P450enzymes that exhibit activity over a broad range of substrates. Thepresent invention provides P450-BM3 variants that have improvedenzymatic activity over a broad range of substrates, as compared to aparental P450-BM3 sequence (i.e., SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14,and/or 16).

In some embodiments, the present invention provides P450-BM3 variantsthat provide improved total percent conversion/turnover number for theoxidation of multiple organic substrates (See e.g., FIG. 1 ). Inparticular, during the development of the present invention, beneficialdiversity was identified and recombined based on HTP screening results.

Abbreviations and Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereingenerally have the same meaning as commonly understood by one ofordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. Generally,the nomenclature used herein and the laboratory procedures of cellculture, molecular genetics, microbiology, organic chemistry, analyticalchemistry and nucleic acid chemistry described below are thosewell-known and commonly employed in the art. Such techniques arewell-known and described in numerous texts and reference works wellknown to those of skill in the art. Standard techniques, ormodifications thereof, are used for chemical syntheses and chemicalanalyses. All patents, patent applications, articles and publicationsmentioned herein, both supra and infra, are hereby expresslyincorporated herein by reference.

Although any suitable methods and materials similar or equivalent tothose described herein find use in the practice of the presentinvention, some methods and materials are described herein. It is to beunderstood that this invention is not limited to the particularmethodology, protocols, and reagents described, as these may vary,depending upon the context they are used by those of skill in the art.Accordingly, the terms defined immediately below are more fullydescribed by reference to the application as a whole. All patents,patent applications, articles and publications mentioned herein, bothsupra and infra, are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference.

Also, as used herein, the singular “a”, “an,” and “the” include theplural references, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

Numeric ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining the range. Thus,every numerical range disclosed herein is intended to encompass everynarrower numerical range that falls within such broader numerical range,as if such narrower numerical ranges were all expressly written herein.It is also intended that every maximum (or minimum) numerical limitationdisclosed herein includes every lower (or higher) numerical limitation,as if such lower (or higher) numerical limitations were expresslywritten herein.

The term “about” means an acceptable error for a particular value. Insome instances “about” means within 0.05%, 0.5%, 1.0%, or 2.0%, of agiven value range. In some instances, “about” means within 1, 2, 3, or 4standard deviations of a given value.

Furthermore, the headings provided herein are not limitations of thevarious aspects or embodiments of the invention which can be had byreference to the application as a whole. Accordingly, the terms definedimmediately below are more fully defined by reference to the applicationas a whole. Nonetheless, in order to facilitate understanding of theinvention, a number of terms are defined below.

Unless otherwise indicated, nucleic acids are written left to right in5′ to 3′ orientation; amino acid sequences are written left to right inamino to carboxy orientation, respectively.

As used herein, the term “comprising” and its cognates are used in theirinclusive sense (i.e., equivalent to the term “including” and itscorresponding cognates).

“EC” number refers to the Enzyme Nomenclature of the NomenclatureCommittee of the International Union of Biochemistry and MolecularBiology (NC-IUBMB). The IUBMB biochemical classification is a numericalclassification system for enzymes based on the chemical reactions theycatalyze.

“ATCC” refers to the American Type Culture Collection whosebiorepository collection includes genes and strains.

“NCBI” refers to National Center for Biological Information and thesequence databases provided therein.

As used herein “cytochrome P450-BM3” and “P450-BM3” refer to thecytochrome P450 enzyme obtained from Bacillus megaterium that catalyzesthe NADPH-dependent hydroxylation of long-chain fatty acids, alcohols,and amides, as well as the epoxidation of unsaturated fatty acids.

“Protein,” “polypeptide,” and “peptide” are used interchangeably hereinto denote a polymer of at least two amino acids covalently linked by anamide bond, regardless of length or post-translational modification(e.g., glycosylation or phosphorylation).

“Amino acids” are referred to herein by either their commonly knownthree-letter symbols or by the one-letter symbols recommended byIUPAC-IUB Biochemical Nomenclature Commission. Nucleotides, likewise,may be referred to by their commonly accepted single letter codes.

The term “engineered,” “recombinant,” “non-naturally occurring,” and“variant,” when used with reference to a cell, a polynucleotide or apolypeptide refers to a material or a material corresponding to thenatural or native form of the material that has been modified in amanner that would not otherwise exist in nature or is identical theretobut produced or derived from synthetic materials and/or by manipulationusing recombinant techniques.

As used herein, “wild-type” and “naturally-occurring” refer to the formfound in nature. For example, a wild-type polypeptide or polynucleotidesequence is a sequence present in an organism that can be isolated froma source in nature and which has not been intentionally modified byhuman manipulation.

“Coding sequence” refers to that part of a nucleic acid (e.g., a gene)that encodes an amino acid sequence of a protein.

The term “percent (%) sequence identity” is used herein to refer tocomparisons among polynucleotides and polypeptides, and are determinedby comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window,wherein the portion of the polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence in thecomparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) ascompared to the reference sequence for optimal alignment of the twosequences. The percentage may be calculated by determining the number ofpositions at which the identical nucleic acid base or amino acid residueoccurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions,dividing the number of matched positions by the total number ofpositions in the window of comparison and multiplying the result by 100to yield the percentage of sequence identity. Alternatively, thepercentage may be calculated by determining the number of positions atwhich either the identical nucleic acid base or amino acid residueoccurs in both sequences or a nucleic acid base or amino acid residue isaligned with a gap to yield the number of matched positions, dividingthe number of matched positions by the total number of positions in thewindow of comparison and multiplying the result by 100 to yield thepercentage of sequence identity. Those of skill in the art appreciatethat there are many established algorithms available to align twosequences. Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison can beconducted, e.g., by the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman(Smith and Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math., 2:482 [1981]), by the homologyalignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (Needleman and Wunsch, J.Mol. Biol., 48:443 [1970), by the search for similarity method ofPearson and Lipman (Pearson and Lipman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA85:2444 [1988]), by computerized implementations of these algorithms(e.g., GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the GCG Wisconsin SoftwarePackage), or by visual inspection, as known in the art. Examples ofalgorithms that are suitable for determining percent sequence identityand sequence similarity include, but are not limited to the BLAST andBLAST 2.0 algorithms, which are described by Altschul et al. (See,Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol., 215: 403-410 [1990]; and Altschul etal., 1977, Nucl. Acids Res., 3389-3402 [1977], respectively). Softwarefor performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the NationalCenter for Biotechnology Information website. This algorithm involvesfirst identifying high scoring sequence pairs (HSPs) by identifyingshort words of length W in the query sequence, which either match orsatisfy some positive-valued threshold score T when aligned with a wordof the same length in a database sequence. T is referred to as, theneighborhood word score threshold (See, Altschul et al, supra). Theseinitial neighborhood word hits act as seeds for initiating searches tofind longer HSPs containing them. The word hits are then extended inboth directions along each sequence for as far as the cumulativealignment score can be increased. Cumulative scores are calculatedusing, for nucleotide sequences, the parameters M (reward score for apair of matching residues; always >0) and N (penalty score formismatching residues; always <0). For amino acid sequences, a scoringmatrix is used to calculate the cumulative score. Extension of the wordhits in each direction are halted when: the cumulative alignment scorefalls off by the quantity X from its maximum achieved value; thecumulative score goes to zero or below, due to the accumulation of oneor more negative-scoring residue alignments; or the end of eithersequence is reached. The BLAST algorithm parameters W, T, and Xdetermine the sensitivity and speed of the alignment. The BLASTN program(for nucleotide sequences) uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 11, anexpectation (E) of 10, M=5, N=−4, and a comparison of both strands. Foramino acid sequences, the BLASTP program uses as defaults a wordlength(W) of 3, an expectation (E) of 10, and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix(See, Henikoff and Henikoff, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10915[1989]). Exemplary determination of sequence alignment and % sequenceidentity can employ the BESTFIT or GAP programs in the GCG WisconsinSoftware package (Accelrys, Madison Wis.), using default parametersprovided.

“Reference sequence” refers to a defined sequence used as a basis for asequence comparison. A reference sequence may be a subset of a largersequence, for example, a segment of a full-length gene or polypeptidesequence. Generally, a reference sequence is at least 20 nucleotide oramino acid residues in length, at least 25 residues in length, at least50 residues in length, at least 100 residues in length or the fulllength of the nucleic acid or polypeptide. Since two polynucleotides orpolypeptides may each (1) comprise a sequence (i.e., a portion of thecomplete sequence) that is similar between the two sequences, and (2)may further comprise a sequence that is divergent between the twosequences, sequence comparisons between two (or more) polynucleotides orpolypeptides are typically performed by comparing sequences of the twopolynucleotides or polypeptides over a “comparison window” to identifyand compare local regions of sequence similarity. In some embodiments, a“reference sequence” can be based on a primary amino acid sequence,where the reference sequence is a sequence that can have one or morechanges in the primary sequence. “Comparison window” refers to aconceptual segment of at least about 20 contiguous nucleotide positionsor amino acid residues wherein a sequence may be compared to a referencesequence of at least 20 contiguous nucleotides or amino acids andwherein the portion of the sequence in the comparison window maycomprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) of 20 percent or less ascompared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions ordeletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The comparisonwindow can be longer than 20 contiguous residues, and includes,optionally 30, 40, 50, 100, or longer windows.

“Corresponding to”, “reference to” or “relative to” when used in thecontext of the numbering of a given amino acid or polynucleotidesequence refers to the numbering of the residues of a specifiedreference sequence when the given amino acid or polynucleotide sequenceis compared to the reference sequence. In other words, the residuenumber or residue position of a given polymer is designated with respectto the reference sequence rather than by the actual numerical positionof the residue within the given amino acid or polynucleotide sequence.For example, a given amino acid sequence, such as that of an engineeredP450-BM3, can be aligned to a reference sequence by introducing gaps tooptimize residue matches between the two sequences. In these cases,although the gaps are present, the numbering of the residue in the givenamino acid or polynucleotide sequence is made with respect to thereference sequence to which it has been aligned.

“Amino acid difference” or “residue difference” refers to a differencein the amino acid residue at a position of a polypeptide sequencerelative to the amino acid residue at a corresponding position in areference sequence. The positions of amino acid differences generallyare referred to herein as “Xn,” where n refers to the correspondingposition in the reference sequence upon which the residue difference isbased. For example, a “residue difference at position X93 as compared toSEQ ID NO:2” refers to a difference of the amino acid residue at thepolypeptide position corresponding to position 93 of SEQ ID NO:2. Thus,if the reference polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2 has a serine at position 93,then a “residue difference at position X93 as compared to SEQ ID NO:2”an amino acid substitution of any residue other than serine at theposition of the polypeptide corresponding to position 93 of SEQ ID NO:2.In most instances herein, the specific amino acid residue difference ata position is indicated as “XnY” where “Xn” specified the correspondingposition as described above, and “Y” is the single letter identifier ofthe amino acid found in the engineered polypeptide (i.e., the differentresidue than in the reference polypeptide). In some instances (e.g., inTables 2-9), the present disclosure also provides specific amino aciddifferences denoted by the conventional notation “AnB”, where A is thesingle letter identifier of the residue in the reference sequence, “n”is the number of the residue position in the reference sequence, and Bis the single letter identifier of the residue substitution in thesequence of the engineered polypeptide. In some instances, a polypeptideof the present disclosure can include one or more amino acid residuedifferences relative to a reference sequence, which is indicated by alist of the specified positions where residue differences are presentrelative to the reference sequence. In some embodiments, where more thanone amino acid can be used in a specific residue position of apolypeptide, the various amino acid residues that can be used areseparated by a “/” (e.g., X307H/X307P or X307H/P). The presentapplication includes engineered polypeptide sequences comprising one ormore amino acid differences that include either/or both conservative andnon-conservative amino acid substitutions.

“Conservative amino acid substitution” refers to a substitution of aresidue with a different residue having a similar side chain, and thustypically involves substitution of the amino acid in the polypeptidewith amino acids within the same or similar defined class of aminoacids. By way of example and not limitation, an amino acid with analiphatic side chain may be substituted with another aliphatic aminoacid (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine); an amino acidwith hydroxyl side chain is substituted with another amino acid with ahydroxyl side chain (e.g., serine and threonine); an amino acids havingaromatic side chains is substituted with another amino acid having anaromatic side chain (e.g., phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, andhistidine); an amino acid with a basic side chain is substituted withanother amino acid with a basis side chain (e.g., lysine and arginine);an amino acid with an acidic side chain is substituted with anotheramino acid with an acidic side chain (e.g., aspartic acid or glutamicacid); and/or a hydrophobic or hydrophilic amino acid is replaced withanother hydrophobic or hydrophilic amino acid, respectively.

“Non-conservative substitution” refers to substitution of an amino acidin the polypeptide with an amino acid with significantly differing sidechain properties. Non-conservative substitutions may use amino acidsbetween, rather than within, the defined groups and affects (a) thestructure of the peptide backbone in the area of the substitution (e.g.,proline for glycine) (b) the charge or hydrophobicity, or (c) the bulkof the side chain. By way of example and not limitation, an exemplarynon-conservative substitution can be an acidic amino acid substitutedwith a basic or aliphatic amino acid; an aromatic amino acid substitutedwith a small amino acid; and a hydrophilic amino acid substituted with ahydrophobic amino acid.

“Deletion” refers to modification to the polypeptide by removal of oneor more amino acids from the reference polypeptide. Deletions cancomprise removal of 1 or more amino acids, 2 or more amino acids, 5 ormore amino acids, 10 or more amino acids, 15 or more amino acids, or 20or more amino acids, up to 10% of the total number of amino acids, or upto 20% of the total number of amino acids making up the reference enzymewhile retaining enzymatic activity and/or retaining the improvedproperties of an engineered P450-BM3 enzyme. Deletions can be directedto the internal portions and/or terminal portions of the polypeptide. Invarious embodiments, the deletion can comprise a continuous segment orcan be discontinuous.

“Insertion” refers to modification to the polypeptide by addition of oneor more amino acids from the reference polypeptide. Insertions can be inthe internal portions of the polypeptide, or to the carboxy or aminoterminus. Insertions as used herein include fusion proteins as is knownin the art. The insertion can be a contiguous segment of amino acids orseparated by one or more of the amino acids in the naturally occurringpolypeptide.

A “functional fragment” or a “biologically active fragment” usedinterchangeably herein refers to a polypeptide that has anamino-terminal and/or carboxy-terminal deletion(s) and/or internaldeletions, but where the remaining amino acid sequence is identical tothe corresponding positions in the sequence to which it is beingcompared (e.g., a full-length engineered P450-BM3 of the presentinvention) and that retains substantially all of the activity of thefull-length polypeptide.

“Isolated polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide which is substantiallyseparated from other contaminants that naturally accompany it, e.g.,protein, lipids, and polynucleotides. The term embraces polypeptideswhich have been removed or purified from their naturally-occurringenvironment or expression system (e.g., host cell or in vitrosynthesis). The recombinant P450-BM3 polypeptides may be present withina cell, present in the cellular medium, or prepared in various forms,such as lysates or isolated preparations. As such, in some embodiments,the recombinant P450-BM3 polypeptides can be an isolated polypeptide.

“Substantially pure polypeptide” refers to a composition in which thepolypeptide species is the predominant species present (i.e., on a molaror weight basis it is more abundant than any other individualmacromolecular species in the composition), and is generally asubstantially purified composition when the object species comprises atleast about 50 percent of the macromolecular species present by mole or% weight. However, in some embodiments, the composition comprisingP450-BM3 comprises P450-BM3 that this less than 50% pure (e.g., about10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, or about 50%) Generally, asubstantially pure P450-BM3 composition comprises about 60% or more,about 70% or more, about 80% or more, about 90% or more, about 95% ormore, and about 98% or more of all macromolecular species by mole or %weight present in the composition. In some embodiments, the objectspecies is purified to essential homogeneity (i.e., contaminant speciescannot be detected in the composition by conventional detection methods)wherein the composition consists essentially of a single macromolecularspecies. Solvent species, small molecules (<500 Daltons), and elementalion species are not considered macromolecular species. In someembodiments, the isolated recombinant P450-BM3 polypeptides aresubstantially pure polypeptide compositions.

“Improved enzyme property” refers to an engineered P450-BM3 polypeptidethat exhibits an improvement in any enzyme property as compared to areference P450-BM3 polypeptide and/or a wild-type P450-BM3 polypeptideor another engineered P450-BM3 polypeptide. Improved properties includebut are not limited to such properties as increased protein expression,increased thermoactivity, increased thermostability, increased pHactivity, increased stability, increased enzymatic activity, increasedsubstrate specificity or affinity, increased specific activity,increased resistance to substrate or end-product inhibition, increasedchemical stability, improved chemoselectivity, improved solventstability, increased tolerance to acidic pH, increased tolerance toproteolytic activity (i.e., reduced sensitivity to proteolysis), reducedaggregation, increased solubility, and altered temperature profile.

“Increased enzymatic activity” or “enhanced catalytic activity” refersto an improved property of the engineered P450-BM3 polypeptides, whichcan be represented by an increase in specific activity (e.g., productproduced/time/weight protein) or an increase in percent conversion ofthe substrate to the product (e.g., percent conversion of startingamount of substrate to product in a specified time period using aspecified amount of P450-BM3) as compared to the reference P450-BM3enzyme. Exemplary methods to determine enzyme activity are provided inthe Examples. Any property relating to enzyme activity may be affected,including the classical enzyme properties of K_(m), V_(max), or k_(cat),changes of which can lead to increased enzymatic activity. Improvementsin enzyme activity can be from about 1.1 fold the enzymatic activity ofthe corresponding wild-type enzyme, to as much as 2-fold, 5-fold,10-fold, 20-fold, 25-fold, 50-fold, 75-fold, 100-fold, 150-fold,200-fold or more enzymatic activity than the naturally occurringP450-BM3 or another engineered P450-BM3 from which the P450-BM3polypeptides were derived.

“Conversion” refers to the enzymatic conversion (or biotransformation)of a substrate(s) to the corresponding product(s). “Percent conversion”refers to the percent of the substrate that is converted to the productwithin a period of time under specified conditions. Thus, the “enzymaticactivity” or “activity” of a P450-BM3 polypeptide can be expressed as“percent conversion” of the substrate to the product in a specificperiod of time.

Enzymes with “generalist properties” (or “generalist enzymes”) refer toenzymes that exhibit improved activity for a wide range of substrates,as compared to a parental sequence. Generalist enzymes do notnecessarily demonstrate improved activity for every possible substrate.In particular, the present invention provides P450-BM3 variants withgeneralist properties, in that they demonstrate similar or improvedactivity relative to the parental gene for a wide range of stericallyand electronically diverse substrates. In addition, the generalistenzymes provided herein were engineered to be improved across a widerange of diverse API-like molecules to increase the production ofmetabolites/products.

“Hybridization stringency” relates to hybridization conditions, such aswashing conditions, in the hybridization of nucleic acids. Generally,hybridization reactions are performed under conditions of lowerstringency, followed by washes of varying but higher stringency. Theterm “moderately stringent hybridization” refers to conditions thatpermit target-DNA to bind a complementary nucleic acid that has about60% identity, preferably about 75% identity, about 85% identity to thetarget DNA, with greater than about 90% identity totarget-polynucleotide. Exemplary moderately stringent conditions areconditions equivalent to hybridization in 50% formamide, 5×Denhart'ssolution, 5×SSPE, 0.2% SDS at 42° C., followed by washing in 0.2×SSPE,0.2% SDS, at 42° C. “High stringency hybridization” refers generally toconditions that are about 10° C. or less from the thermal meltingtemperature T_(m) as determined under the solution condition for adefined polynucleotide sequence. In some embodiments, a high stringencycondition refers to conditions that permit hybridization of only thosenucleic acid sequences that form stable hybrids in 0.018M NaCl at 65° C.(i.e., if a hybrid is not stable in 0.018M NaCl at 65° C., it will notbe stable under high stringency conditions, as contemplated herein).High stringency conditions can be provided, for example, byhybridization in conditions equivalent to 50% formamide, 5×Denhart'ssolution, 5×SSPE, 0.2% SDS at 42° C., followed by washing in 0.1×SSPE,and 0.1% SDS at 65° C. Another high stringency condition is hybridizingin conditions equivalent to hybridizing in 5×SSC containing 0.1% (w:v)SDS at 65° C. and washing in 0.1×SSC containing 0.1% SDS at 65° C. Otherhigh stringency hybridization conditions, as well as moderatelystringent conditions, are described in the references cited above.

“Codon optimized” refers to changes in the codons of the polynucleotideencoding a protein to those preferentially used in a particular organismsuch that the encoded protein is more efficiently expressed in theorganism of interest. Although the genetic code is degenerate in thatmost amino acids are represented by several codons, called “synonyms” or“synonymous” codons, it is well known that codon usage by particularorganisms is nonrandom and biased towards particular codon triplets.This codon usage bias may be higher in reference to a given gene, genesof common function or ancestral origin, highly expressed proteins versuslow copy number proteins, and the aggregate protein coding regions of anorganism's genome. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides encoding theP450-BM3 enzymes may be codon optimized for optimal production from thehost organism selected for expression.

“Control sequence” refers herein to include all components, which arenecessary or advantageous for the expression of a polynucleotide and/orpolypeptide of the present application. Each control sequence may benative or foreign to the nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide.Such control sequences include, but are not limited to, a leader,polyadenylation sequence, propeptide sequence, promoter sequence, signalpeptide sequence, initiation sequence and transcription terminator. At aminimum, the control sequences include a promoter, and transcriptionaland translational stop signals. The control sequences may be providedwith linkers for the purpose of introducing specific restriction sitesfacilitating ligation of the control sequences with the coding region ofthe nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide.

“Operably linked” is defined herein as a configuration in which acontrol sequence is appropriately placed (i.e., in a functionalrelationship) at a position relative to a polynucleotide of interestsuch that the control sequence directs or regulates the expression ofthe polynucleotide and/or polypeptide of interest.

“Promoter sequence” refers to a nucleic acid sequence that is recognizedby a host cell for expression of a polynucleotide of interest, such as acoding sequence. The promoter sequence contains transcriptional controlsequences, which mediate the expression of a polynucleotide of interest.The promoter may be any nucleic acid sequence which showstranscriptional activity in the host cell of choice including mutant,truncated, and hybrid promoters, and may be obtained from genes encodingextracellular or intracellular polypeptides either homologous orheterologous to the host cell.

“Suitable reaction conditions” refers to those conditions in theenzymatic conversion reaction solution (e.g., ranges of enzyme loading,substrate loading, temperature, pH, buffers, co-solvents, etc.) underwhich a P450-BM3 polypeptide of the present application is capable ofconverting a substrate to the desired product compound, Exemplary“suitable reaction conditions” are provided in the present applicationand illustrated by the Examples. “Loading”, such as in “compoundloading” or “enzyme loading” refers to the concentration or amount of acomponent in a reaction mixture at the start of the reaction.“Substrate” in the context of an enzymatic conversion reaction processrefers to the compound or molecule acted on by the P450-BM3 polypeptide.“Product” in the context of an enzymatic conversion process refers tothe compound or molecule resulting from the action of the P450-BM3polypeptide on a substrate.

As used herein the term “culturing” refers to the growing of apopulation of microbial cells under any suitable conditions (e.g., usinga liquid, gel or solid medium).

Recombinant polypeptides can be produced using any suitable methodsknown in the art. Genes encoding the wild-type polypeptide of interestcan be cloned in vectors, such as plasmids, and expressed in desiredhosts, such as E. coli, etc. Variants of recombinant polypeptides can begenerated by various methods known in the art. Indeed, there is a widevariety of different mutagenesis techniques well known to those skilledin the art. In addition, mutagenesis kits are also available from manycommercial molecular biology suppliers. Methods are available to makespecific substitutions at defined amino acids (site-directed), specificor random mutations in a localized region of the gene (regio-specific),or random mutagenesis over the entire gene (e.g., saturationmutagenesis). Numerous suitable methods are known to those in the art togenerate enzyme variants, including but not limited to site-directedmutagenesis of single-stranded DNA or double-stranded DNA using PCR,cassette mutagenesis, gene synthesis, error-prone PCR, shuffling, andchemical saturation mutagenesis, or any other suitable method known inthe art. Non-limiting examples of methods used for DNA and proteinengineering are provided in the following patents: U.S. Pat. Nos.6,117,679; 6,420,175; 6,376,246; 6,586,182; 7,747,391; 7,747,393;7,783,428; and 8,383,346. After the variants are produced, they can bescreened for any desired property (e.g., high or increased activity, orlow or reduced activity, increased thermal activity, increased thermalstability, and/or acidic pH stability, etc.). In some embodiments,“recombinant P450-BM3 polypeptides” (also referred to herein as“engineered P450-BM3 polypeptides,” “variant P450-BM3 enzymes,” and“P450-BM3 variants”) find use.

As used herein, a “vector” is a DNA construct for introducing a DNAsequence into a cell. In some embodiments, the vector is an expressionvector that is operably linked to a suitable control sequence capable ofeffecting the expression in a suitable host of the polypeptide encodedin the DNA sequence. In some embodiments, an “expression vector” has apromoter sequence operably linked to the DNA sequence (e.g., transgene)to drive expression in a host cell, and in some embodiments, alsocomprises a transcription terminator sequence.

As used herein, the term “expression” includes any step involved in theproduction of the polypeptide including, but not limited to,transcription, post-transcriptional modification, translation, andpost-translational modification. In some embodiments, the term alsoencompasses secretion of the polypeptide from a cell.

As used herein, the term “produces” refers to the production of proteinsand/or other compounds by cells. It is intended that the term encompassany step involved in the production of polypeptides including, but notlimited to, transcription, post-transcriptional modification,translation, and post-translational modification. In some embodiments,the term also encompasses secretion of the polypeptide from a cell.

As used herein, an amino acid or nucleotide sequence (e.g., a promotersequence, signal peptide, terminator sequence, etc.) is “heterologous”to another sequence with which it is operably linked if the twosequences are not associated in nature.

As used herein, the terms “host cell” and “host strain” refer tosuitable hosts for expression vectors comprising DNA provided herein(e.g., the polynucleotides encoding the P450-BM3 variants). In someembodiments, the host cells are prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells thathave been transformed or transfected with vectors constructed usingrecombinant DNA techniques as known in the art.

The term “analogue” means a polypeptide having more than 70% sequenceidentity but less than 100% sequence identity (e.g., more than 75%, 78%,80%, 83%, 85%, 88%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%sequence identity) with a reference polypeptide. In some embodiments,analogues mean polypeptides that contain one or more non-naturallyoccurring amino acid residues including, but not limited, tohomoarginine, ornithine and norvaline, as well as naturally occurringamino acids. In some embodiments, analogues also include one or moreD-amino acid residues and non-peptide linkages between two or more aminoacid residues.

The term “effective amount” means an amount sufficient to produce thedesired result. One of general skill in the art may determine what theeffective amount by using routine experimentation.

The terms “isolated” and “purified” are used to refer to a molecule(e.g., an isolated nucleic acid, polypeptide, etc.) or other componentthat is removed from at least one other component with which it isnaturally associated. The term “purified” does not require absolutepurity, rather it is intended as a relative definition.

Engineered P450-BM3 Polypeptides:

In some embodiments, engineered P450-BM3 polypeptides are produced bycultivating a microorganism comprising at least one polynucleotidesequence encoding at least one engineered P450-BM3 polypeptide underconditions which are conducive for producing the engineered P450-BM3polypeptide(s). In some embodiments, the engineered P450-BM3 polypeptideis recovered from the resulting culture medium and/or cells.

The present invention provides exemplary engineered P450-BM3polypeptides having P450-BM3 activity (i.e., P450-BM3 variants). TheExamples provide Tables showing sequence structural informationcorrelating specific amino acid sequence features with the functionalactivity of the engineered P450-BM3 polypeptides. Thisstructure-function correlation information is provided in the form ofspecific amino acid residues differences relative to a referenceengineered polypeptide, as indicated in the Examples. The Examplesfurther provide experimentally determined activity data for theexemplary engineered P450-BM3 polypeptides.

In some embodiments, the engineered P450-BM3 polypeptides of theinvention having P450-BM3 activity comprise: a) an amino acid sequencehaving at least 85% sequence identity to reference sequence SEQ ID NO:2,4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and/or 16; b) an amino acid residue difference ascompared to SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and/or 16 at one or moreamino acid positions; and c) which exhibits an improved propertyselected from i) enhanced catalytic activity, ii) reduced proteolyticsensitivity, iii) increased tolerance to acidic pH, iv) reducedaggregation, v) increased activity on a range of substrates (i.e.,enzymes with a broad substrate range), or a combination of any of i),ii), iii) or iv), as compared to the reference sequence.

In some embodiments the engineered P450-BM3 which exhibits an improvedproperty has at least about 85%, at least about 88%, at least about 90%,at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at leastabout 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%,at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at about 100% amino acidsequence identity with SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and/or 16, andan amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8,10, 12, 14, and/or 16, at one or more amino acid positions (such as at1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20 or more amino acidpositions compared to SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and/or 16, or asequence having at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%,at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, atleast 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequenceidentity with SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and/or 16). In someembodiment the residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8,10, 12, 14, and/or 16, at one or more positions will include at least 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more conservative amino acidsubstitutions. In some embodiments, the engineered P450-BM3 polypeptideis a polypeptide listed in any of Tables 2-9.

In some embodiments the engineered P450-BM3 which exhibits an improvedproperty has at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, atleast 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, atleast 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% amino acid sequence identitywith SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and/or 16.

In some embodiments, the engineered P450-BM3 polypeptide comprises afunctional fragment of an engineered P450-BM3 polypeptide encompassed bythe invention. Functional fragments have at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or99% of the activity of the engineered P450-BM3 polypeptide from which iswas derived (i.e., the parent engineered P450-BM3). A functionalfragment comprises at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%and even 99% of the parent sequence of the engineered P450-BM3. In someembodiments the functional fragment is truncated by less than 5, lessthan 10, less than 15, less than 10, less than 25, less than 30, lessthan 35, less than 40, less than 45, and less than 50 amino acids.

Variants with Improved Activity:

In some embodiments, the engineered P450-BM3 polypeptides of theinvention having P450-BM3 activity comprise: a) an amino acid sequencehaving at least 85% sequence identity to reference sequence SEQ ID NO:2,4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and/or 16, or a fragment thereof; b) an amino acidresidue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14,and/or 16, at one or more amino acid positions; and c) which exhibitsimproved activity, as compared to SEQ ID NO:2.

In some embodiments, the engineered P450-BM3 that exhibits improvedactivity has at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, atleast 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, atleast 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequenceidentity with SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and/or 16, and an aminoacid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14,and/or 16, at one or more amino acid positions (such as at 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20 or more amino acid positionscompared to SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and/or 16, or a sequencehaving at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identitywith SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and/or 16.

In some embodiments, when all other assay conditions are essentially thesame, the engineered P450-BM3 polypeptide has improved activity ascompared to a reference P450-BM3 polypeptide. In some embodiments thisactivity can be measured under conditions that monitor enzymaticactivity using any suitable assay system to assess the maximum activityof the enzyme (e.g., the k_(ca)t). In other embodiments this activitycan be measured under substrate concentrations resulting in one-half,one-fifth, one-tenth or less of maximal activity. Under either method ofanalysis, the engineered polypeptide has improved activity levels about1.0 fold, 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 20-fold, 25-fold, 50-fold,75-fold, 100-fold, or more of the enzymatic activity of the referenceP450-BM3 In some embodiments, the engineered P450-BM3 polypeptide havingimproved activity as compared to a reference P450-BM3 when measured byany standard assay, including, but not limited to the assays describedin the Examples.

In light of the guidance provided herein, it is further contemplatedthat any of the exemplary engineered polypeptides can be used as thestarting amino acid sequence for synthesizing other engineered P450-BM3polypeptides, for example by subsequent rounds of evolution by addingnew combinations of various amino acid differences from otherpolypeptides and other residue positions described herein. Furtherimprovements may be generated by including amino acid differences atresidue positions that had been maintained as unchanged throughoutearlier rounds of evolution.

Polynucleotides Encoding Engineered Polypeptides, Expression Vectors andHost Cells:

The present invention provides polynucleotides encoding the engineeredP450-BM3 polypeptides described herein. In some embodiments, thepolynucleotides are operatively linked to one or more heterologousregulatory sequences that control gene expression to create arecombinant polynucleotide capable of expressing the polypeptide.Expression constructs containing a heterologous polynucleotide encodingthe engineered P450-BM3 polypeptides can be introduced into appropriatehost cells to express the corresponding P450-BM3 polypeptide.

As will be apparent to the skilled artisan, availability of a proteinsequence and the knowledge of the codons corresponding to the variousamino acids provide a description of all the polynucleotides capable ofencoding the subject polypeptides. The degeneracy of the genetic code,where the same amino acids are encoded by alternative or synonymouscodons, allows an extremely large number of nucleic acids to be made,all of which encode the engineered P450-BM3 polypeptide. Thus, havingknowledge of a particular amino acid sequence, those skilled in the artcould make any number of different nucleic acids by simply modifying thesequence of one or more codons in a way which does not change the aminoacid sequence of the protein. In this regard, the present inventionspecifically contemplates each and every possible variation ofpolynucleotides that could be made encoding the polypeptides describedherein by selecting combinations based on the possible codon choices,and all such variations are to be considered specifically disclosed forany polypeptide described herein, including the variants provided inTables 2-9, as well as SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and/or 16.

In various embodiments, the codons are preferably selected to fit thehost cell in which the protein is being produced. For example, preferredcodons used in bacteria are used for expression in bacteria.Consequently, codon optimized polynucleotides encoding the engineeredP450-BM3 polypeptides contain preferred codons at about 40%, 50%, 60%,70%, 80%, or greater than 90% of codon positions of the full lengthcoding region.

In some embodiments, as described above, the polynucleotide encodes anengineered polypeptide having P450-BM3 activity with the propertiesdisclosed herein, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acidsequence having at least 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%,93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identity to a referencesequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and/or 16), or theamino acid sequence of any variant as disclosed in any of Tables 2-9,and one or more residue differences as compared to the referencepolypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and/or 16, or the aminoacid sequence of any variant as disclosed in any of Tables 2-9 (forexample 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more amino acid residuepositions). In some embodiments, the reference sequence is selected fromSEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and/or 16.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotides are capable of hybridizingunder highly stringent conditions to a reference polynucleotide sequenceselected from SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and/or 15, or acomplement thereof, or a polynucleotide sequence encoding any of thevariant P450-BM3 polypeptides provided herein. In some embodiments, thepolynucleotide capable of hybridizing under highly stringent conditionsencodes a P450-BM3 polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence thathas one or more residue differences as compared to SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8,10, 12, 14, and/or 16.

In some embodiments, an isolated polynucleotide encoding any of theengineered P450-BM3 polypeptides provided herein is manipulated in avariety of ways to provide for expression of the polypeptide. In someembodiments, the polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides are providedas expression vectors where one or more control sequences is present toregulate the expression of the polynucleotides and/or polypeptides.Manipulation of the isolated polynucleotide prior to its insertion intoa vector may be desirable or necessary depending on the expressionvector. The techniques for modifying polynucleotides and nucleic acidsequences utilizing recombinant DNA methods are well known in the art.

In some embodiments, the control sequences include among othersequences, promoters, leader sequences, polyadenylation sequences,propeptide sequences, signal peptide sequences, and transcriptionterminators. As known in the art, suitable promoters can be selectedbased on the host cells used. For bacterial host cells, suitablepromoters for directing transcription of the nucleic acid constructs ofthe present application, include, but are not limited to the promotersobtained from the E. coli lac operon, Streptomyces coelicolor agarasegene (dagA), Bacillus subtilis levansucrase gene (sacB), Bacilluslicheniformis alpha-amylase gene (amyL), Bacillus stearothermophilusmaltogenic amylase gene (amyM), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylasegene (amyQ), Bacillus licheniformis penicillinase gene (penP), Bacillussubtilis xylA and xylB genes, and prokaryotic beta-lactamase gene (Seee.g., Villa-Kamaroff et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 75: 3727-3731[1978]), as well as the tac promoter (See e.g., DeBoer et al., Proc.Natl Acad. Sci. USA 80: 21-25 [1983]). Exemplary promoters forfilamentous fungal host cells, include promoters obtained from the genesfor Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Rhizomucor miehei asparticproteinase, Aspergillus niger neutral alpha-amylase, Aspergillus nigeracid stable alpha-amylase, Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus awamoriglucoamylase (glaA), Rhizomucor miehei lipase, Aspergillus oryzaealkaline protease, Aspergillus oryzae triose phosphate isomerase,Aspergillus nidulans acetamidase, and Fusarium oxysporum trypsin-likeprotease (See e.g., WO 96/00787), as well as the NA2-tpi promoter (ahybrid of the promoters from the genes for Aspergillus niger neutralalpha-amylase and Aspergillus oryzae triose phosphate isomerase), andmutant, truncated, and hybrid promoters thereof. Exemplary yeast cellpromoters can be from the genes can be from the genes for Saccharomycescerevisiae enolase (ENO-1), Saccharomyces cerevisiae galactokinase(GAL1), Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcoholdehydrogenase/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ADH2/GAP), andSaccharomyces cerevisiae 3-phosphoglycerate kinase. Other usefulpromoters for yeast host cells are known in the art (See e.g., Romanoset al., Yeast 8:423-488 [1992]).

In some embodiments, the control sequence is a suitable transcriptionterminator sequence, a sequence recognized by a host cell to terminatetranscription. The terminator sequence is operably linked to the 3′terminus of the nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide. Anyterminator which is functional in the host cell of choice finds use inthe present invention. For example, exemplary transcription terminatorsfor filamentous fungal host cells can be obtained from the genes forAspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase,Aspergillus nidulans anthranilate synthase, Aspergillus nigeralpha-glucosidase, and Fusarium oxysporum trypsin-like protease.Exemplary terminators for yeast host cells can be obtained from thegenes for Saccharomyces cerevisiae enolase, Saccharomyces cerevisiaecytochrome C (CYC1), and Saccharomyces cerevisiaeglyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Other useful terminators foryeast host cells are known in the art (See e.g., Romanos et al., supra).

In some embodiments, the control sequence is a suitable leader sequence,a non-translated region of an mRNA that is important for translation bythe host cell. The leader sequence is operably linked to the 5′ terminusof the nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide. Any leadersequence that is functional in the host cell of choice may be used.Exemplary leaders for filamentous fungal host cells are obtained fromthe genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase and Aspergillus nidulanstriose phosphate isomerase. Suitable leaders for yeast host cellsinclude, but are not limited to those obtained from the genes forSaccharomyces cerevisiae enolase (ENO-1), Saccharomyces cerevisiae3-phosphoglycerate kinase, Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor, andSaccharomyces cerevisiae alcoholdehydrogenase/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ADH2/GAP).

The control sequence may also be a polyadenylation sequence, a sequenceoperably linked to the 3′ terminus of the nucleic acid sequence andwhich, when transcribed, is recognized by the host cell as a signal toadd polyadenosine residues to transcribed mRNA. Any polyadenylationsequence which is functional in the host cell of choice may be used inthe present invention. Exemplary polyadenylation sequences forfilamentous fungal host cells include, but are not limited to those fromthe genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Aspergillus nigerglucoamylase, Aspergillus nidulans anthranilate synthase, Fusariumoxysporum trypsin-like protease, and Aspergillus nigeralpha-glucosidase. Useful polyadenylation sequences for yeast host cellsare also known in the art (See e.g., Guo and Sherman, Mol. Cell. Bio.,15:5983-5990 [1995]).

In some embodiments, the control sequence is a signal peptide codingregion that codes for an amino acid sequence linked to the aminoterminus of a polypeptide and directs the encoded polypeptide into thecell's secretory pathway. The 5′ end of the coding sequence of thenucleic acid sequence may inherently contain a signal peptide codingregion naturally linked in translation reading frame with the segment ofthe coding region that encodes the secreted polypeptide. Alternatively,the 5′ end of the coding sequence may contain a signal peptide codingregion that is foreign to the coding sequence. Any signal peptide codingregion that directs the expressed polypeptide into the secretory pathwayof a host cell of choice finds use for expression of the engineeredP450-BM3 polypeptides provided herein. Effective signal peptide codingregions for bacterial host cells include, but are not limited to thesignal peptide coding regions obtained from the genes for Bacillus NCIB11837 maltogenic amylase, Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase,Bacillus licheniformis subtilisin, Bacillus licheniformisbeta-lactamase, Bacillus stearothermophilus neutral proteases (nprT,nprS, nprM), and Bacillus subtilis prsA. Further signal peptides areknown in the art (See e.g., Simonen and Palva, Microbiol. Rev.,57:109-137 [1993]). Effective signal peptide coding regions forfilamentous fungal host cells include, but are not limited to the signalpeptide coding regions obtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzaeTAKA amylase, Aspergillus niger neutral amylase, Aspergillus nigerglucoamylase, Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase, Humicola insolenscellulase, and Humicola lanuginosa lipase. Useful signal peptides foryeast host cells include, but are not limited to those from the genesfor Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor and Saccharomyces cerevisiaeinvertase.

In some embodiments, the control sequence is a propeptide coding regionthat codes for an amino acid sequence positioned at the amino terminusof a polypeptide. The resultant polypeptide is referred to as a“proenzyme,” “propolypeptide,” or “zymogen,” in some cases). Apropolypeptide can be converted to a mature active polypeptide bycatalytic or autocatalytic cleavage of the propeptide from thepropolypeptide. The propeptide coding region includes, but is notlimited to the genes for Bacillus subtilis alkaline protease (aprE),Bacillus subtilis neutral protease (nprT), Saccharomyces cerevisiaealpha-factor, Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase, and Myceliophthorathermophila lactase (See e.g., WO 95/33836). Where both signal peptideand propeptide regions are present at the amino terminus of apolypeptide, the propeptide region is positioned next to the aminoterminus of a polypeptide and the signal peptide region is positionednext to the amino terminus of the propeptide region.

In some embodiments, regulatory sequences are also utilized. Thesesequences facilitate the regulation of the expression of the polypeptiderelative to the growth of the host cell. Examples of regulatory systemsare those which cause the expression of the gene to be turned on or offin response to a chemical or physical stimulus, including the presenceof a regulatory compound. In prokaryotic host cells, suitable regulatorysequences include, but are not limited to the lac, tac, and trp operatorsystems. In yeast host cells, suitable regulatory systems include, butare not limited to the ADH2 system or GAL1 system. In filamentous fungi,suitable regulatory sequences include, but are not limited to the TAKAalpha-amylase promoter, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase promoter, andAspergillus oryzae glucoamylase promoter.

In another aspect, the present invention also provides a recombinantexpression vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding an engineeredP450-BM3 polypeptide, and one or more expression regulating regions suchas a promoter and a terminator, a replication origin, etc., depending onthe type of hosts into which they are to be introduced. In someembodiments, the various nucleic acid and control sequences describedabove are joined together to produce a recombinant expression vectorwhich includes one or more convenient restriction sites to allow forinsertion or substitution of the nucleic acid sequence encoding thevariant P450-BM3 polypeptide at such sites. Alternatively, thepolynucleotide sequence(s) of the present invention are expressed byinserting the polynucleotide sequence or a nucleic acid constructcomprising the polynucleotide sequence into an appropriate vector forexpression. In creating the expression vector, the coding sequence islocated in the vector so that the coding sequence is operably linkedwith the appropriate control sequences for expression.

The recombinant expression vector may be any vector (e.g., a plasmid orvirus), that can be conveniently subjected to recombinant DNA proceduresand can result in the expression of the variant P450-BM3 polynucleotidesequence. The choice of the vector will typically depend on thecompatibility of the vector with the host cell into which the vector isto be introduced. The vectors may be linear or closed circular plasmids.

In some embodiments, the expression vector is an autonomouslyreplicating vector (i.e., a vector that exists as an extra-chromosomalentity, the replication of which is independent of chromosomalreplication, such as a plasmid, an extra-chromosomal element, aminichromosome, or an artificial chromosome). The vector may contain anymeans for assuring self-replication. In some alternative embodiments,the vector may be one which, when introduced into the host cell, isintegrated into the genome and replicated together with thechromosome(s) into which it has been integrated. Furthermore, a singlevector or plasmid or two or more vectors or plasmids which togethercontain the total DNA to be introduced into the genome of the host cell,or a transposon may be used.

In some embodiments, the expression vector preferably contains one ormore selectable markers, which permit easy selection of transformedcells. A “selectable marker” is a gene the product of which provides forbiocide or viral resistance, resistance to heavy metals, prototrophy toauxotrophs, and the like. Examples of bacterial selectable markersinclude, but are not limited to the dal genes from Bacillus subtilis orBacillus licheniformis, or markers, which confer antibiotic resistancesuch as ampicillin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol or tetracyclineresistance. Suitable markers for yeast host cells include, but are notlimited to ADE2, HIS3, LEU2, LYS2, MET3, TRP1, and URA3. Selectablemarkers for use in a filamentous fungal host cell include, but are notlimited to, amdS (acetamidase), argB (ornithine carbamoyltransferases),bar (phosphinothricin acetyltransferase), hph (hygromycinphosphotransferase), niaD (nitrate reductase), pyrG(orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase), sC (sulfate adenyltransferase),and trpC (anthranilate synthase), as well as equivalents thereof. Inanother aspect, the present invention provides a host cell comprising apolynucleotide encoding at least one engineered P450-BM3 polypeptide ofthe present application, the polynucleotide being operatively linked toone or more control sequences for expression of the engineered P450-BM3enzyme(s) in the host cell. Host cells for use in expressing thepolypeptides encoded by the expression vectors of the present inventionare well known in the art and include but are not limited to, bacterialcells, such as E. coli, Vibrio fluvialis, Streptomyces and Salmonellatyphimurium cells; fungal cells, such as yeast cells (e.g.,Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris [ATCC Accession No.201178]); insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9 cells;animal cells such as CHO, COS, BHK, 293, and Bowes melanoma cells; andplant cells. Exemplary host cells are Escherichia coli strains (such asW3110 (AfhuA) and BL21).

Accordingly, in another aspect, the present invention provides methodsfor producing the engineered P450-BM3 polypeptides, where the methodscomprise culturing a host cell capable of expressing a polynucleotideencoding the engineered P450-BM3 polypeptide under conditions suitablefor expression of the polypeptide. In some embodiments, the methodsfurther comprise the steps of isolating and/or purifying the P450-BM3polypeptides, as described herein.

Appropriate culture media and growth conditions for the above-describedhost cells are well known in the art. Polynucleotides for expression ofthe P450-BM3 polypeptides may be introduced into cells by variousmethods known in the art. Techniques include, among others,electroporation, biolistic particle bombardment, liposome mediatedtransfection, calcium chloride transfection, and protoplast fusion.

The engineered P450-BM3 with the properties disclosed herein can beobtained by subjecting the polynucleotide encoding the naturallyoccurring or engineered P450-BM3 polypeptide to mutagenesis and/ordirected evolution methods known in the art, and as described herein. Anexemplary directed evolution technique is mutagenesis and/or DNAshuffling (See e.g., Stemmer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:10747-10751[1994]; WO 95/22625; WO 97/0078; WO 97/35966; WO 98/27230; WO 00/42651;WO 01/75767 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,537,746). Other directed evolutionprocedures that can be used include, among others, staggered extensionprocess (StEP), in vitro recombination (See e.g., Zhao et al., Nat.Biotechnol., 16:258-261 [1998]), mutagenic PCR (See e.g., Caldwell etal., PCR Methods Appl., 3:S136-S140 [1994]), and cassette mutagenesis(See e.g., Black et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:3525-3529[1996]).

For example, mutagenesis and directed evolution methods can be readilyapplied to polynucleotides to generate variant libraries that can beexpressed, screened, and assayed. Mutagenesis and directed evolutionmethods are well known in the art (See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,793,5,830,721, 6,132,970, 6,420,175, 6,277,638, 6,365,408, 6,602,986,7,288,375, 6,287,861, 6,297,053, 6,576,467, 6,444,468, 5,811238,6,117,679, 6,165,793, 6,180,406, 6,291,242, 6,995,017, 6,395,547,6,506,602, 6,519,065, 6,506,603, 6,413,774, 6,573,098, 6,323,030,6,344,356, 6,372,497, 7,868,138, 5,834,252, 5,928,905, 6,489,146,6,096,548, 6,387,702, 6,391,552, 6,358,742, 6,482,647, 6,335,160,6,653,072, 6,355,484, 6,303,344, 6,319,713, 6,613,514, 6,455,253,6,579,678, 6,586,182, 6,406,855, 6,946,296, 7,534,564, 7,776,598,5,837,458, 6,391,640, 6,309,883, 7,105,297, 7,795,030, 6,326,204,6,251,674, 6,716,631, 6,528,311, 6,287,862, 6,335,198, 6,352,859,6,379,964, 7,148,054, 7,629,170, 7,620,500, 6,365,377, 6,358,740,6,406,910, 6,413,745, 6,436,675, 6,961,664, 7,430,477, 7,873,499,7,702,464, 7,783,428, 7,747,391, 7,747,393, 7,751,986, 6,376,246,6,426,224, 6,423,542, 6,479,652, 6,319,714, 6,521,453, 6,368,861,7,421,347, 7,058,515, 7,024,312, 7,620,502, 7,853,410, 7,957,912,7,904,249, and all related non-US counterparts; Ling et al., Anal.Biochem., 254:157-78 [1997]; Dale et al., Meth. Mol. Biol., 57:369-74[1996]; Smith, Ann. Rev. Genet., 19:423-462 [1985]; Botstein et al.,Science, 229:1193-1201 [1985]; Carter, Biochem. J., 237:1-7 [1986];Kramer et al., Cell, 38:879-887 [1984]; Wells et al., Gene, 34:315-323[1985]; Minshull et al., Curr. Op. Chem. Biol., 3:284-290 [1999];Christians et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 17:259-264 [1999]; Crameri et al.,Nature, 391:288-291 [1998]; Crameri, et al., Nat. Biotechnol.,15:436-438 [1997]; Zhang et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,94:4504-4509 [1997]; Crameri et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 14:315-319[1996]; Stemmer, Nature, 370:389-391 [1994]; Stemmer, Proc. Nat. Acad.Sci. USA, 91:10747-10751 [1994]; WO 95/22625; WO 97/0078; WO 97/35966;WO 98/27230; WO 00/42651; WO 01/75767; WO 2009/152336, and U.S. Pat. No.6,537,746, all of which are incorporated herein by reference).

In some embodiments, the enzyme clones obtained following mutagenesistreatment are screened by subjecting the enzymes to a definedtemperature (or other assay conditions, such as testing the enzyme'sactivity over a broad range of substrates) and measuring the amount ofenzyme activity remaining after heat treatments or other assayconditions. Clones containing a polynucleotide encoding a P450-BM3polypeptide are then sequenced to identify the nucleotide sequencechanges (if any), and used to express the enzyme in a host cell.Measuring enzyme activity from the expression libraries can be performedusing any suitable method known in the art (e.g., standard biochemistrytechniques, such as HPLC analysis).

For engineered polypeptides of known sequence, the polynucleotidesencoding the enzyme can be prepared by standard solid-phase methods,according to known synthetic methods. In some embodiments, fragments ofup to about 100 bases can be individually synthesized, then joined(e.g., by enzymatic or chemical ligation methods, or polymerase mediatedmethods) to form any desired continuous sequence. For example,polynucleotides and oligonucleotides disclosed herein can be prepared bychemical synthesis using the classical phosphoramidite method (See e.g.,Beaucage et al., Tetra. Lett., 22:1859-69 [1981]; and Matthes et al.,EMBO J., 3:801-05 [1984]), as it is typically practiced in automatedsynthetic methods. According to the phosphoramidite method,oligonucleotides are synthesized (e.g., in an automatic DNAsynthesizer), purified, annealed, ligated and cloned in appropriatevectors.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, a method for preparing the engineeredP450-BM3 polypeptide can comprise: (a) synthesizing a polynucleotideencoding a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected fromthe amino acid sequence of any variant provided in any of Tables 2-9, aswell as SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and/or 16, and (b) expressingthe P450-BM3 polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide. In someembodiments of the method, the amino acid sequence encoded by thepolynucleotide can optionally have one or several (e.g., up to 3, 4, 5,or up to 10) amino acid residue deletions, insertions and/orsubstitutions. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence hasoptionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-15, 1-20,1-21, 1-22, 1-23, 1-24, 1-25, 1-30, 1-35, 1-40, 1- 45, or 1-50 aminoacid residue deletions, insertions and/or substitutions. In someembodiments, the amino acid sequence has optionally 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,30, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 amino acid residue deletions, insertionsand/or substitutions. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence hasoptionally 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18,20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 amino acid residue deletions, insertionsand/or substitutions. In some embodiments, the substitutions can beconservative or non-conservative substitutions.

The expressed engineered P450-BM3 polypeptide can be measured for anydesired improved property (e.g., activity, selectivity, stability, acidtolerance, protease sensitivity, etc.), using any suitable assay knownin the art, including but not limited to the assays and conditionsdescribed herein.

In some embodiments, any of the engineered P450-BM3 polypeptidesexpressed in a host cell are recovered from the cells and/or the culturemedium using any one or more of the well-known techniques for proteinpurification, including, among others, lysozyme treatment, sonication,filtration, salting-out, ultra-centrifugation, and chromatography.

Chromatographic techniques for isolation of the P450-BM3 polypeptidesinclude, among others, reverse phase chromatography high performanceliquid chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, hydrophobicinteraction chromatography, gel electrophoresis, and affinitychromatography. Conditions for purifying a particular enzyme depends, inpart, on factors such as net charge, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity,molecular weight, molecular shape, etc., and will be apparent to thosehaving skill in the art. In some embodiments, affinity techniques may beused to isolate the improved variant P450-BM3 enzymes. In someembodiments utilizing affinity chromatography purification, any antibodywhich specifically binds the variant P450-BM3 polypeptide finds use. Forthe production of antibodies, various host animals, including but notlimited to rabbits, mice, rats, etc., are immunized by injection with aP450-BM3 polypeptide (e.g., a P450-BM3 variant), or a fragment thereof.In some embodiments, the P450-BM3 polypeptide or fragment is attached toa suitable carrier, such as BSA, by means of a side chain functionalgroup or linkers attached to a side chain functional group.

In some embodiments, the engineered P450-BM3 polypeptide is produced ina host cell by a method comprising culturing a host cell (e.g., an E.coli strain) comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding an engineeredP450-BM3 polypeptide as described herein under conditions conducive tothe production of the engineered P450-BM3 polypeptide and recovering theengineered P450-BM3 polypeptide from the cells and/or culture medium.

In some embodiments, the engineered P450-BM3 polypeptides are recoveredfrom the recombinant host cells or cell culture and they are furtherpurified by any suitable method(s) known in the art. In some additionalembodiments, the purified P450-BM3 polypeptides are combined with otheringredients and compounds to provide compositions and formulationscomprising the engineered P450-BM3 polypeptide as appropriate fordifferent applications and uses (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions).

The foregoing and other aspects of the invention may be betterunderstood in connection with the following non-limiting examples. Theexamples are provided for illustrative purposes only and are notintended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way.

EXPERIMENTAL

The following Examples, including experiments and results achieved, areprovided for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed aslimiting the present invention.

In the experimental disclosure below, the following abbreviations apply:ppm (parts per million); M (molar); mM (millimolar), uM and μM(micromolar); nM (nanomolar); mol (moles); gm and g (gram); mg(milligrams); ug and μg (micrograms); L and l (liter); ml and mL(milliliter); cm (centimeters); mm (millimeters); um and μm(micrometers); sec. (seconds); min(s) (minute(s)); h(s) and hr(s)(hour(s)); U (units); MW (molecular weight); rpm (rotations per minute);° C. (degrees Centigrade); CDS (coding sequence); DNA (deoxyribonucleicacid); RNA (ribonucleic acid); NA (nucleic acid; polynucleotide); AA(amino acid; polypeptide); E. coli W3110 (commonly used laboratory E.coli strain, available from the Coli Genetic Stock Center [CGSC], NewHaven, Conn.); HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography); SDS-PAGE(sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis); PES(polyethersulfone); CFSE (carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester); IPTG(isopropyl beta-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside); PMBS (polymyxin B sulfate);NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate); GDH (glucosedehydrogenase); FIOPC (fold improvement over positive control); TON(turnover number); ESI (electrospray ionization); LB (Luria broth); TB(terrific broth); MeOH (methanol); Athens Research (Athens ResearchTechnology, Athens, Ga.); ProSpec (ProSpec Tany Technogene, EastBrunswick, N.J.); Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.); RamScientific (Ram Scientific, Inc., Yonkers, N.Y.); Pall Corp. (Pall,Corp., Pt. Washington, N.Y.); Millipore (Millipore, Corp., BillericaMass.); Difco (Difco Laboratories, BD Diagnostic Systems, Detroit,Mich.); Molecular Devices (Molecular Devices, LLC, Sunnyvale, Calif.);Kuhner (Adolf Kuhner, AG, Basel, Switzerland); Cambridge IsotopeLaboratories, (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc., Tewksbury, Mass.);Applied Biosystems (Applied Biosystems, part of Life Technologies,Corp., Grand Island, N.Y.), Agilent (Agilent Technologies, Inc., SantaClara, Calif.); Thermo Scientific (part of Thermo Fisher Scientific,Waltham, Mass.); Fisher (Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Mass.); Corning(Corning, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.); Waters (Waters Corp., Milford,Mass.); GE Healthcare (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences, Piscataway, N.J.);Pierce (Pierce Biotechnology (now part of Thermo Fisher Scientific),Rockford, Ill.); Phenomenex (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, Calif.);Optimal (Optimal Biotech Group, Belmont, Calif.); and Bio-Rad (Bio-RadLaboratories, Hercules, Calif.).

Example 1 P450-BM3 Evolution and Construction of Expression Vectors

Libraries of P450-BM3 variants were produced using standard methodsknown in the art, based on eight parental sequences of SEQ ID NO:2, 4,6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16. These parental strains were used to generatecombinatorial libraries by recombining beneficial diversity. Theseparental backbone strains and their Sequence IDs are listed in Table 1below, with the polynucleotide sequence listed first, followed by thepolypeptide sequence.

TABLE 1 P450-BM3 Parental Backbone Sequences Backbone Names SEQ ID NOS:MCYP-1.2-A05 1/2 MCYP-1.2-A07 3/4 MCYP-1.2-A12 5/6 MCYP-P1.2-B02 7/8MCYP-P1.2-B12  9/10 MCYP-P1.2-D06 11/12 MCYP-P1.2-F02 13/14 MCYP-1.2-F1215/16

These variants were cloned into an IPTG-inducible vector, transformedinto E. coli strain BL21, and plated on LB agar plates supplemented withchloramphenicol (30 μg/mL). The plates were grown at 37° C. for 16 hrsbefore single clones were picked and added to 96-well Axygen® plates(Corning), containing LB medium (250 μL/well) supplemented withchloramphenicol (30 μg/mL). After the plates were shaken at 250 rpm, 30°C., and 85% humidity for 20-24 h to grow the cultures to saturation, analiquot (50 μL) was used to inoculate 2 mL 96-well Costar® deep plates(Corning) containing TB medium (900 μL) supplemented withchloramphenicol (30 μg/mL), trace element solution (740 ug/L ammoniummolybdate tetrahydrate, 5.8 mgs/L zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 620 ug/Lboric acid anhydrous, 1 mg/L copper sulfate pentahydrate, and 4 mgs/Lmanganese chloride tetrahydrate), and 0.05 g/L ammonium iron (III)citrate. After being shaken at 250 rpm, 30° C., and 85% humidity to anOD₆₀₀ of 0.8-1.2, P450 expression was induced by addition of IPTG (500uM) and the heme precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) to a finalconcentration of 500 uM. The cultures were shaken at 250 rpm, 26° C.,85% humidity for 24 hrs before the cells were centrifuged and stored at−80° C.

Cell lysis was accomplished by resuspending cell pellets in 96-wellCostar® plates (Corning) with lysis buffer (300 μL/well) containingpotassium phosphate, pH 8.0 (100 mM), MgSO₄ (10 mM), DTT (1 mM),lysozyme (1 mg/mL), PMBS (0.5 mg/mL), and DNAseI (3 μgs/mL). The lysisreactions were shaken using a table top shaker (setting 8-10) at roomtemperature for 1.25 hrs. The lysis reaction was centrifuged to pelletcellular debris and the supernatant was used in the activity assaysdescribed in Example 2.

For the production of lyophilized protein powders, LB agar platessupplemented with chloramphenicol (30 μg/mL) were streaked with E. colicontaining a desired B. megaterium P450-BM3 variant in an IPTG-induciblevector. The plates were grown at 37° C. for 16 hrs before single cloneswere selected to inoculate a 15 mL Falcon™ tube (Fisher) containing TBmedia (3 mL) supplemented with chloramphenicol (30 μg/mL). The tube wasshaken at 200 rpm, 30° C., and 85% humidity for 20-24 h to grow thecultures to saturation. Then, 2.5 mL of the overnight culture was usedto inoculate sterile 1 L flasks containing TB medium (250 mL)supplemented with chloramphenicol (30 μg/mL), trace element solution (asdescribed above), and 0.05 g/L ammonium iron (III) citrate. After beingshaken at 250 rpm, 30° C., and 85% humidity to an OD₆₀₀ of 0.8-1.2, P450expression was induced by addition of IPTG (500 uM) and the hemeprecursor 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) to a final concentration of 500uM. The cultures were grown for additional 20-24 hours and centrifugedin pre-weighed 250 mL centrifuge bottles for 20 minutes at 4000 rpm, 4°C. The supernatants were discarded, and the centrifuge bottlescontaining cell pellets were weighed. The pellets were resuspended in 50mM potassium phosphate buffer with 2 mM DTT, pH 8.0 (5 mL of buffer pergram of cell pellet). The cells were lysed using a microfluidizerhomogenizer, and the suspensions of cells and lysate were collected insterile 50 mL centrifuge tubes. The samples were centrifuged for 30minutes at 10,000 rpm, 4° C. The clarified lysate was collected into aplastic petri plate and frozen at −80° C. prior to lyophilization. Theenzyme-containing lysates were lyophilized using standard methods knownin the art.

Example 2 Assay Systems & Results

In this Example, the test systems used to assess the activities andgeneralist properties (i.e., activity on a broad substrate range) aredescribed.

I. Activity-Based High Throughput Screening (HTP) for EnzymaticActivity:

Diclofenac (See, FIG. 1 ) was used as a substrate for high throughput(HTP) screening assays to detect variants with improved activity.Enzymatic activity screens were initiated by adding 60 μL lysate and 120μL of the reaction mixture to each well of a 96-well (2 mL) plate. Thereaction mixture contained the recycling system (120 mM potassiumphosphate, 1.2 mM NADP+, 30 mM glucose, and 0.6 mg/mL glucosedehydrogenase), co-solvent (7.5% DMSO), and substrate (3 mM diclofenac).The reactions were shaken at 250 rpm, 30° C., 85% humidity for 4-24 hrs.The reactions were quenched by the addition of acetonitrile (400 μL to 1ml) to each well. The quenched reactions were centrifuged to removeprecipitated proteins prior to analysis with HPLC and LCMS, as describedbelow.

II. Validation of Generalist Properties:

Enzyme stocks (˜12 μM) were prepared by dissolving ˜20 mg of each enzymein 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 8.0 (1 mL). The concentrationof each enzyme stock solution was determined by the UV-visibleabsorption spectroscopy (after centrifugation to remove particulates)and diluted to standardize at 12 μM heme protein. Substrate solutionswere prepared by dissolving each substrate in DMSO to reach a finalconcentration of 20 mM or 40 mM. Reaction mix (235 μL) followed byenzyme solution (50 μL) was added to the plates. The substrate stocksolution was added to the enzyme solutions (15 μL at the two differentconcentrations). Each reaction contained 100 mM potassium phosphate, 1.0mM NADP+, 25 mM glucose, 0.5 mg/mL glucose dehydrogenase, 5% DMSO andsubstrate at 1 or 2 mM. Loratadine, imatinib, and gefitinib (See, FIG. 1) were selected as substrates in addition to diclofenac to validateimproved BM3 variants. The reactions were shaken at 450 rpm at 30° C.over 24 hours. All reactions were diluted with acetonitrile to a finalconcentration of 0.5 mM substrate. The plates were then centrifuged at3,000 g for 1 hour at 20° C. The supernatant was diluted 1:1 withacetonitrile, filtered using a 0.4 micron filter, and analyzed byUPLC-MS.

III. HPLC, LCMS and UPLC-MS Analysis:

For HPLC and LCMS analysis, 150 μL of each quenched reaction sample wastransferred to 96-well round bottom plates for analysis by HPLC on anAgilent Technologies 1200 series equipped with an autosampler. 10 μL ofquenched sample was injected onto an Onyx Monolithic C18 column (2×50mm). The column was eluted at a constant flow rate of 0.5 mL/min;conditions with solvent A (0.1% formic acid v/v, in H₂O) and solvent B(0.1% formic acid v/v, in acetonitrile) used to elute the products ofthe reaction were: 0-1 min, A/B 90:10; 1-2 min, A/B 80:20; 2-4 min, A/B70:30; 4-4.5 min, A/B 60:40; 4.5-4.9 min, A/B 10:90, and 4.9-5.3 min,A/B 90:10. Column eluent was monitored by UV at 270 nm. Alternatively,analysis by LC-UV-MS was performed for some substrates on a Thermo LXQion trap system using a Surveyor Plus LC-PDA system for sampleseparation. Quenched sample (0.01 ml) was injected onto a Waters XbridgeC18 column (3×50 mm, 5μ). The column was eluted at a constant flow rateof 0.5 mL min; the conditions with solvent A (0.1% formic acid v/v, inH₂O) and solvent B (0.1% formic acid v/v, in acetonitrile) used to elutethe products of the reaction were: 0-1.5 min, A/B 90:10; 1.5-5.5 min,A/B 20:80; 5.5-6.0 min, A/B 1:99; 6.0-6.25 min, A/B 90:10; 6.25-7.5 min,A/B 90:10. Column eluent was monitored by PDA (200-600 nm) prior to MSanalysis in positive ESI mode (capillary temperature 350° C., 5 kV sprayvoltage). The column eluent was diverted to waste for the first 1.5minutes of the run. For the remainder of the LC run, both MS (m/z125-1000 scan range) and MS/MS were collected. MS/MS spectra wereacquired in a data-dependent manner for the nth most intense ionsemploying dynamic exclusion for dominate ions after the 5^(th)occurrence with an exclusion duration of 30 seconds. Data were analyzedusing Xcalibur software for substrate and product base peaks and MS/MStransitions.

For UPLC-MS analysis, the quenched and filtered reactions weretransferred to 96-well HTP plates for analysis by UPLC on a WatersAcquity H-class system equipped with an autosampler. 1 uL of quenchedsample was injected onto an Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column, 100 Å, (1.8 um;2.1×100 mm). The column was eluted at a constant flow rate of 0.6mL/min; conditions with solvent A (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid v/v, inH₂O) and solvent B (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid v/v, in acetonitrile)used to elute the products of the reaction were: 0-2 min, A/B 95:5;2-2.9 min, A/B 5:95; 2.9-3 min, A/B 95:5; 3-3.5 min, A/B 95:5. Columneluent was monitored by PDA (200-600 nm) prior to MS analysis inpositive ESI mode (desolvation temperature 350° C., 3.25 kV sprayvoltage, cone voltage 25V). The column eluent was diverted to waste forthe first 0.7 minutes of the run. For the remainder of the LC run, bothMS (m/z 95-600 scan range) and MS/MS were collected. MS/MS spectra wereacquired in a data-dependent manner for the nth most intense ionsemploying dynamic exclusion for dominate ions after the 5^(th)occurrence with an exclusion duration of 30 seconds. Data were analyzedusing MassLynx and Virscidian software for substrate and product basepeaks and MS/MS transitions.

IV. Results:

The ability to generate enzymes that have improved activity for a vastrange of substrates requires an evolution approach that optimizes bothsubstrate binding and rate-limiting electron transfer. Eighteenmutations identified previously that generally optimize both parameters(See, U.S. Pat. Appln. Publ. No. 2016/0010065, the contents of which areincorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes)were recombined using the eight alternate backbones listed in Table 1-1,from the 96-well commercially available MCYP panel (MCYP-0343; Codexis).The purpose of this approach was to screen a combinatorial library fromeach lineage built on an alternate backbone using diclofenac as ascreening substrate to identify and select improved variants.Lyophilized powders of the most improved variants were screened againsta suite of compounds to determine the magnitude of improvements onmultiple substrates (e.g., generalist properties). This approach hasbeen referred to the “transferability of generalist diversity.” Thevariants, substrates screened, and mutations are summarized in Tables 2through 9. FIG. 2 is a graphical summary for the MCYP-1.2-A12 lineage(one of the eight lineages summarized in Tables 2-9). In FIG. 2 , thepercent conversion for each substrate screened is plotted as a functionof each enzyme screened. In this Figure, the performance (% conversionat 1 mM substrate loading) of two evolved P450s (variants 16 and 17) iscompared to the parental backbone, MCYP-1.2-A12. As shown in FIG. 2 andsummarized in Table 4, the parental backbone (MCYP-1.2-A12) exhibitedlow activity for each substrate screened. The evolved variants (variants16 and 17) have improved and significant activity for three out of foursubstrates screened. Similar trends were observed for the remaininglineages. The performance (% conversion at 1 mM substrate loading) ofvariants 14 and 15 was compared to their parental backbone,MCYP-1.2-A07. The performance (% conversion at 1 mM substrate loading)of the parental backbone (MCYP-1.2-A07) is summarized in Table 3 andexhibits low activity for imatinib and gefitinib, and moderate activityfor diclofenac and loratadine. The evolved variants exhibit moderateactivity for all four substrates. For each lineage, an evolved variantexhibits activity for at least one substrate that the correspondingparental backbone showed little to no activity and/or exhibits improvedperformance (% conversion at 1 mM substrate loading) for at least onesubstrate for which the parental backbone exhibits activity.

The same trend is observed for the MCYP-1.2-A05 lineage (See, FIG. 3 ),although MCYP-1.2-A05 is a chimera. The P450 domain is 86% identical toBacillus subtilis P450. These results indicate that the combination ofanalogous mutations/positions should impart improvements in P450 enzymesfrom other organisms.

In Tables 2-9, ^(a)TON is calculated as ([substrate]*%conversion/[P450]) and ^(b)FIOPC is calculated as either the TON(variant)/TON (parent) or % conversion (variant)/% conversion (parent).The following Table provides the key to the remaining entries.

% Conversion Notation TON Notation FIOPC Notation   0-5.00 +   0-1000 ‡0.0-3.0 *  5.01-10.00 ++ 1001-5000 ‡‡ 3.01-5.0  ** 10.01-15.00 +++ 5001-10000 ‡‡‡ 5.01-10.0 *** 15.01-20.00 ++++ 10000-50000 ‡‡‡‡10.01-15.00 ****

TABLE 2 Results for Variants 6, 7, and 8 (with substitutions shown withreference to SEQ ID NO: 2) Variant 6 (V51S; D118R; Variant 7 L219Y;K236H; (V51S; D118R; Variant 8 P351T; S353T; T179V; L219Y; (D118R;L219Y; N579T; T582A; P351T; N579T; K236H;S353T; SF Validation Parent(SEQ E624D; A632S; T582A; E624D; N579T; T582A; Substrate(s) ID NO: 2)D727S; Q931K) D727S) E624D; D727S)

  Diclofenac [Diclofenac] = 1 mM TON^(a) = ‡ % Conv. = + [Diclofenac] =1 mM TON = ‡‡ % Conv. = ++ FIOPC^(b) (A05) = **** [Diclofenac] = 1 mMTON = ‡‡ % Conv. = + FIOPC (A05) = **** [Diclofenac] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡ %Conv. = + FIOPC (A05) = ****

  Loratadine [Loratadine] = 1 mM TON = ‡ % Conv. = + [Loratadine] = 1 mMTON = ‡‡ % Conv. = ++ FIOPC (A05) = **** [Loratadine] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡ %Conv. = ++ FIOPC (A05) = **** [Loratadine] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡ % Conv. = ++FIOPC (A05) = ****

  Imatinib [Imatinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡ % Conv. = ++ [Imatinib] = 1 mM TON= ‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (A05) = * [Imatinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡‡‡ %Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (A05) = ** [Imatinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++FIOPC (A05) = *

  Gefitinib [Gefitinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡ % Conv. = + [Gefitinib] = 1 mMTON = ‡ % Conv. = + FIOPC (A05) = * [Gefitinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡ % Conv.= + FIOPC (A05) = * [Gefitinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡ % Conv. = + FIOPC (A05) =*

TABLE 3 Results for Variants 14 and 15 (with substitutions shown withreference to SEQ ID NO: 4) Variant 15 (K32R; C48S; Variant 14 I95P;L216Y; (C48S; I95P; D232H; E349T; Backbone G115R; L216Y; M491A; N574T;SF Validation (SEQ D232H; M491A; T577A; E619D; Substrate(s) ID NO: 4)N574T; D727S) D727S)

  Diclofenac [Diclofenac] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡‡ % Conv. = +++ [Diclofenac] =1 mM TON = ‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (A07) = ** [Diclofenac] = 1 mM TON= ‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (A07) = *

  Loratadine [Loratadine] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ [Loratadine]= 1 mM TON = ‡‡‡ % Conv. = +++ FIOPC (A07) = * [Loratadine] = 1 mM TON =‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (A07) = *

  Imatinib [Imatinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡ % Conv. = ++ [Imatinib] = 1 mM TON= ‡‡‡ % Conv. = +++ FIOPC (A07) = * [Imatinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡‡ % Conv.= ++++ FIOPC (A07) = **

  Gefitinib [Gefitinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡ % Conv. = + [Gefitinib] = 1 mMTON = ‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (A07) = **** [Gefitinib] = 1 mM TON =‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (A07) = ****

TABLE 4 Results for Variants 14 and 15 (with substitutions shown withreference to SEQ ID NO: 6) Variant 17 Variant 16 (K32R; C48S; (K32R;C48S; Y52F; I95P; Y52F; G115R; Q111R; G115R; L216Y; D232H; I176V; L216Y;Backbone E349K; M491A; D232H; E349T; SF Validation (SEQ T577A; E619D;M491A; T577A; Substrate(s) ID NO: 6) A627S; D727S) E619D; D727S)

  Diclofenac [Diclofenac] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡ % Conv. = ++ [Diclofenac] = 1mM TON = ‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (A12) = ** [Diclofenac] = 1 mM TON =‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (A12) = *

  Loratadine [Loratadine] = 1 mM TON = ‡ % Conv. = + [Loratadine] = 1 mMTON = ‡ % Conv. = + FIOPC (A12) = * [Loratadine] = 1 mM TON = ‡ % Conv.= + FIOPC (A12) = *

  Imatinib [Imatinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡ % Conv. = + [Imatinib] = 1 mM TON= ‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (A12) = **** [Imatinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡‡‡ %Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (A12) = ****

  Gefitinib [Gefitinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡ % Conv. = ++ [Gefitinib] = 1 mMTON = ‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (A12) = **** [Gefitinib] = 1 mM TON =‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (A12) = ***

TABLE 5 Results for Variants 9, 10, and 11 (with substitutions shownwith reference to SEQ ID NO: 8) Variant 10 (K32R; Y52F; K95P; Q111R;Variant 11 G115R; I176V; (K95P; Q111R; Variant 9 L216Y; D232H; G115R;I176V; (Y52F; D232H; P347T; E349T; L216Y; E349T; SF Validation E349K;E619D; M491A; T577A; M491A; T577A; Substrate(s) Backbone D727S; R762HE619D; D722S) E619D; D722S)

  Diclofenac [Diclofenac] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡ % Conv. = +++ [Diclofenac] = 1mM TON = ‡‡‡ % Conv. =++++ FIOPC (B02) = * [Diclofenac] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡‡% Conv. = +++ FIOPC (B02) = * [Diclofenac] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡‡ % Conv. =++++ FIOPC (B02) = *

  Loratadine [Loratadine] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡ % Conv. = ++ [Loratadine] = 1mM TON = ‡‡ % Conv. = ++ FIOPC (B02) = * [Loratadine] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡ %Conv. = ++ FIOPC (B02) = * [Loratadine] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡‡ % Conv. = +++FIOPC (B02) = *

  Imatinib [Imatinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ [Imatinib] = 1 mMTON = ‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (B02) = * [Imatinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡‡‡ %Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (B02) = ** [Imatinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡‡‡ % Conv. =++++ FIOPC (B02) = *

  Gefitinib [Gefitinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡ % Conv. = + [Gefitinib] = 1 mMTON = ‡ % Conv. = + FIOPC (B02) = * [Gefitinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡ % Conv.= ++ FIOPC (B02) = **** [Gefitinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡ % Conv. = + FIOPC(B02) = *

TABLE 6 Results for Variants 3, 4, and 5 (with substitutions shown withreference to SEQ ID NO: 10) Variant 4 (K32R; C48S; Variant 5 Variant 3Y52F; I95P; (C48S; I95P; (K32R; C48S; Q111R; L216Y; G115R; L216Y; Y52F;I95P; D232H; P347T; S231R; D232H; L216Y; D232H; E349K; M491A; M491A;N574T; SF Validation E349K; M491A; N574T; E619D; T577A; E619D;Substrate(s) Backbone N574T; D722S) D722S) D722S)

  Diclofenac [Diclofenac] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ [Diclofenac]= 1 mM TON = ‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (B12) = * [Diclofenac] = 1 mM TON= ‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (B12) = * [Diclofenac] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡‡‡ %Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (B12) = *

  Loratadine [Loratadine] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ [Loratadine]= 1 mM TON = ‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (B12) = * [Loratadine] = 1 mM TON= ‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (B12) = * [Loratadine] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡‡‡ %Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (B12) = *

  Imatinib [Imatinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡ % Conv. = ++ [Imatinib] = 1 mM TON= ‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (B12) = *** [Imatinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡‡‡ %Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (B02) = *** [Imatinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡‡‡ % Conv. =++++ FIOPC (B02) = ***

  Gefitinib [Gefitinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡ % Conv. = ++ [Gefitinib] = 1 mMTON = ‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (B12) = *** [Gefitinib] = 1 mM TON =‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (B12) = *** [Gefitinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡‡‡ %Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (B12) = ***

TABLE 7 Results for Variants 12 and 13 (with substitutions shown withreference to SEQ ID NO: 12) Variant 12 Variant 13 (K32R; C48S; (K32R;C48S; Y52F; I95P; Y52F; I95P; Q111R; G115R; G115R; D232H; D232H; M491A;M491A; N574T; SF Validation T577A; A627S; T577A; E619D; Substrate(s)Backbone D722S) A627S; D722S)

  Diclofenac [Diclofenac] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡ % Conv. = + [Diclofenac] = 1mM TON = ‡‡‡ % Conv. = +++ FIOPC (D06) = ** [Diclofenac] = 1 mM TON =‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (D06) = ***

  Loratadine [Loratadine] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡ % Conv. = + [Loratadine] = 1mM TON = ‡‡ % Conv. = ++ FIOPC (D06) = * [Loratadine] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡ %Conv. = + FIOPC (D06) = *

  Imatinib [Imatinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡ % Conv. = ++ [Imatinib] = 1 mM TON= ‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (D06) = *** [Imatinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡‡‡ %Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (D06) = ***

  Gefitinib [Gefitinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡ % Conv. = + [Gefitinib] = 1 mMTON = ‡ % Conv. = + FIOPC (D06) = * [Gefitinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡ % Conv.= + FIOPC (D06) = ****

TABLE 8 Results for Variants 1 and 2 (with substitutions shown withreference to SEQ ID NO: 14) Variant 1 Variant 2 (Y52F; K95P; Y52F;G115R; G115R; T176V; T176V; L216Y; L216Y; D232H; D232H; P347T; SFValidation E349T; M491A; E349T; T577A; Substrate(s) Backbone T577A;E619D) D722S)

  Diclofenac [Diclofenac] = 1 mM TON = ‡ % Conv. = + [Diclofenac] = 1 mMTON = ‡‡ % Conv. = + FIOPC (F02) = **** [Diclofenac] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡ %Conv. = + FIOPC (F02) = ****

  Loratadine [Loratadine] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡ % Conv. = + [Loratadine] = 1mM TON = ‡‡ % Conv. = + FIOPC (F02) = * [Loratadine] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡ %Conv. = + FIOPC (F02) = *

  Imatinib [Imatinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡ % Conv. = + [Imatinib] = 1 mM TON= ‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (F02) = **** [Imatinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡‡‡ %Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (F02) = ****

  Gefitinib [Gefitinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡ % Conv. = + [Gefitinib] = 1 mMTON = ‡ % Conv. = + FIOPC (F02) = * [Gefitinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡ % Conv.= + FIOPC (F02) = *

TABLE 9 Results for Variants 18 and 19 (with substitutions shown withreference to SEQ ID NO: 16) Variant 18 (K32R; C48S; Variant 19 Y52F;I95P; (C48S; Y52F; I176V; L216Y; I95P; Q111R; D232H; E349K; I176V;L216Y; M491A; N574T; D232H; P347T; SF Validation E619D; D722S; M491A;N574T; Substrate(s) Backbone A767T) D722S)

  Diclofenac [Diclofenac] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ [Diclofenac]= 1 mM TON = ‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (F12) = * [Diclofenac] = 1 mM TON= ‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (F12) = *

  Loratadine [Loratadine] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡‡ % Conv. = +++ [Loratadine] =1 mM TON = ‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++ FIOPC (F12) = ** [Loratadine] = 1 mM TON =‡‡‡ % Conv. = +++ FIOPC (F02) = *

  Imatinib [Imatinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡ % Conv. = + [Imatinib] = 1 mM TON= ‡‡‡ % Conv. = +++ FIOPC (F12) = ** [Imatinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡‡ % Conv.= +++ FIOPC (F12) = **

  Gefitinib [Gefitinib] = 1 mM TON = ‡‡ % Conv. = + [Gefitinib] = 1 mMTON = ‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (F12) = **** [Gefitinib] = 1 mM TON =‡‡‡‡ % Conv. = ++++ FIOPC (F12) = ****

While the invention has been described with reference to the specificembodiments, various changes can be made and equivalents can besubstituted to adapt to a particular situation, material, composition ofmatter, process, process step or steps, thereby achieving benefits ofthe invention without departing from the scope of what is claimed.

For all purposes in the United States of America, each and everypublication and patent document cited in this disclosure is incorporatedherein by reference as if each such publication or document wasspecifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein byreference. Citation of publications and patent documents is not intendedas an indication that any such document is pertinent prior art, nor doesit constitute an admission as to its contents or date.

What is claimed is:
 1. A recombinant polynucleotide sequence encoding arecombinant cytochrome p450-BM3 variant comprising the sequence setforth in SEQ ID NO:
 11. 2. An expression vector comprising thepolynucleotide sequence of claim
 1. 3. The vector of claim 2, whereinsaid polynucleotide sequence is operably linked with regulatorysequences suitable for expression of said polynucleotide sequence in asuitable host cell.
 4. The vector of claim 3, wherein said host cell isa prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell.
 5. The vector of claim 4, wherein saidhost cell is a prokaryotic cell.
 6. The vector of claim 5, wherein saidhost cell is E. coli.
 7. A host cell comprising the vector of claim 2.8. A method for producing at least one recombinant cytochrome P450-BM3variant comprising culturing a host cell comprising the vector of claim2 under conditions such that at least one recombinant cytochromeP450-BM3 variant is produced by said host cell.
 9. The method of claim8, further comprising the step of recovering said at least onerecombinant cytochrome P450-BM3 variant.